biological response BIOLOGY QUESTIONS 1. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
prokaryotic cells have a simple internal structure, the DNA is located in the region the cytoplasm (nucleotide) and lacks the membrane, organelles are not present, replaced by ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis.
Eukaryotic cells have an internal structure more complex, the DNA is contained within the nucleus surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear membrane, while the organelles are immersed in the cytoplasm.
2. The kingdom of fungi.
in the Mushroom Kingdom nourishment is absorbed through cell membranes, this process is called nutrition absorption. The cells that compose them are eukaryotic cells and can be unicellular or multicellular.
3. Cell immersed in a solution rich hypertonic glucose: describe the steps of substances through the membrane.
Water tends to move out because the second gradient, and the glucose enters the cell through the cell membrane.
4. What are enzymes? How are synthesized in the cell?
Enzymes are proteins that allow the occurrence of almost all chemical reactions in biological systems, acting as real biological catalysts and are synthesized in the ribosomes.
5. Describe the cell in mitotic metaphase.
During mitotic metaphase sister chromatids are aligned on an imaginary equatorial plane and are crossed by microtubules that attract them to each other on one side and on the other.
6. Run the following intersection: AaBb X AABB
F1
1:2:1:2:1:1
7. What are the effects of crossing-over in crosses with genes associated with? You also do an example.
The effect of crossing-over is that of recombination because the two chromatid exchange portions of DNA, generating new chromosomes that have a different combination of genes. In the case of related genes is a rare phenomenon, but still possible.
EXAMPLE: Crossing-over between GL and vr: Gr and vL
8. How likely is it that a child born by a group 0 A father and a mother B? And that led to two more group 0?
The mother may have had parents B B is the presence of only one X chromosome, while the chromosome in the female patient may be accompanied by a sound and then there is a compensation. In Drosophila
the character is sex-linked eye color is according to this scheme:
All male specimens have red eyes.
All female specimens have red eyes.
All specimens are males with white eyes (mutant).
10. Characteristics of human gametes
The female gametes contain the human X chromosome (omogametico it comes to sex), men's rights to X or Y (eterogametico talking about sex). The sex of the unborn child depends on which fertile male gamete cell egg: if Y is born a male, if X is born a girl.
11. Specifying the meaning of autotrophy through what mechanisms is realized? The
autotrophy and nutritional status of an organism capable of synthesizing its own organic molecules from inorganic materials and using energy not derived from organic substances. They are autotrophic, for example, all plants which, through the process of photosynthesis, are able to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances: carbon dioxide and water through the electromagnetic energy of solar radiation. They are also autotrophic algae and many bacteria.
12. Mendel because he needed to do to get a lot of crosses its results? What would happen if she used only a few plants?
Mendel was obliged to work with multiple copies of peas because he was aware that to get results that would allow a correct calculation of the probability would need to rely on many cases and not only watched the first generation, but the second and so on, to be able to distinguish clearly between the lines as well. If he had not worked with thousands and thousands of plants making them match as he wished, he would have obtained a few combinations that would have been the result of chance and could not allow him to make laws that are still valid for the calculation of probability.
13. The difference between sex cells and sex chromosomes.
The sex cells are the gametes: male (sperm) and female (egg). The sex chromosomes are the 23rd pair of sex cells that are X and Y in humans and XX in females. From this combination is born or a male (XY) or female (XX)
14. Membrane proteins: structure and functions.
proteins (integral) membrane act as carriers for transporting molecules in two directions: on one side of the cell membrane. Those are called protein channels that usually allow the passage of small ions such as Na + or Ca + + and are immersed in the phospholipid bilayer, so that through it all; called carrier proteins are those with binding sites and bind to specific molecules of great dimensions.
15. What is a genetic map and how it was done?
The genetic map is the representation of distance between genes, based on data from genetic recombination. And this occurs due to crossing-over, which changes the genetic make phone by simply interchanging sections of chromosomes in meiosis.
16. How do I recognize a sex-linked gene? Write an example of intersection.
recognize whether a gene is sex-linked characteristic that identifies whether the gene will be forwarded to the next generation and is manifested in a of both sexes.
17. Write the possible blood groups of children produced by a group A mother and a father of group AB.
The mother of blood group A may have parents A
18. Describe a human cell in telophase of meiosis II
The human cell in meiotic telophase II is a cell with 23 chromosomes each.
19. Run the following intersection: AABB X aabb
F1 1:1
20. Benefits of Using Drosophila as a genetic model? What is your situation chromosome?
Morgan found in the sample of Drosophila several advantages including: sheet prolific (each intersection produces around 100 individuals) with the possibility of two new generations of each month (rapid generational turnover) and the characteristic four pairs of chromosomes have large easy to analyze, in XY male and XX in female.
21. The kingdoms of the living world
The kingdoms of the world that are living animals (living things which feed internally), vegetable (living autotrophs then transform solar energy into their constituent cells and photosynthetic), fungi (living things that absorb nutrients through cell membranes external), protists (eukaryotic unicellular beings, such as protozoa and amoebas), Monera (prokaryotes living as a simple blue-green algae or bacteria).
22. Difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion. Glucose can be used both modes to enter the cell: in situations where using one or the other way?
Facilitated diffusion is taking place through the passage to the channel proteins, which allow the passage of polar molecules, large or small, is along the gradient. The active transport is the one that requires energy that is the use of ATP and is also called "induced" and occurs against the gradient. Glucose use both of them but most will move through the channel protein when there is a lower concentration of glucose inside the cell and hypertonic condition occurs in the exterior of the cell and will act according to the gradient, while it moves through the active transport when there is a lower concentration inside and isotonic condition occurs within the cell and acts against the gradient.
23. Characteristics of cells produced in meiosis in Drosophila.
cells produced by meiosis in Drosophila are large cells that contain four pairs of chromosomes: three autosomes and one eterocromosomi: male XY and female XX.
24. Run the following intersection: AABB X aabb
F1
1:1:1:1
25. Role of DNA within the cell. What produces an abnormal gene?
The DNA is responsible for synthesizing proteins and to transmit the genetic heritage from one generation to another. An abnormal gene is produced by an abnormal protein, for example with a single amino acid.
26. Structure and function of mitochondria
A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle present in all cells and are Eucharists organelles in the cytoplasm, or organelles involved in the cellular respiration, consisting of respiratory enzymes. They consist of two membranes: the inner membrane and outer membrane, the space between these two membranes is called the intermembrane space. The space bounded by the inner membrane is called the mitochondrial matrix, inner membrane extends into the matrix, forming folds called cristae mitochondrial respiratory enzymes are concentrated here.
27. What results would be obtained in Mendel's F1 dihybrid experiment with if there was incomplete dominance in both pairs of genes? Write the intersection using the genetic symbols.
If Mendel had crossed two copies to incomplete dominance in F1 would have obtained a specimen with intermediate characteristics.
GGLL vvrr X → A → GvLr pea with a colorful mixture of yellow and green and a roughness less pronounced.
28. Give all possible genotypes of the parents of a child with blood group A
Parents should have blood group A arrange themselves in a totally random.
30. How can I come to know that two genes are associated? As an example
are called genes associated with those usually found on the same chromosome. It is noted for example in GL (yellow-smooth) and vr (green-wrinkled).
31. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (GIA 'REPLY TO QUESTION 1)
32. Membrane proteins: structure and functions (GIA 'REPLY TO QUESTION 14 °
)
33. How can I recognize in a population with a sex-linked disease? Write an example of cross
I can recognize it because it will present more on the sample of males, the presence only one X chromosome While it will be less frequent in the sample of women for the presence of two X chromosomes, and then to compensate.
EXAMPLE:
[*= sick] [x = recessive] [X = dominant]
If a woman is the man with x * X which is coupled XY
The child will be born:
a carrier female ( Xx *)
male patient (X * Y)
healthy female (XX)
healthy male (XY)
34. E 'fair to say that the DNA consists of a sequence of genes? Explain.
The definition of DNA as "gene sequence" is partially correct. Suffice it to say that DNA is made up of certain genes follow one another without necessarily being close to each other, but with the ability to distance himself also a lot of space. This "absence" of genes for some stretches of DNA is always "presence" of DNA, but still do not know its exact function, for the most part believes that it serves to coordinate the action of genes in DNA.
35. What are vesicles in the cell? Make an example.
From the end of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles detach going to fuse with the membrane dell'organulo specific target, depending on the contents of the vesicle. The vesicle membrane becomes part of the target and its contents dell'organulo are secreted outside, or exposed on the membranes if they are anchored to them.
An example is the Golgi apparatus that receives the vesicles of the ER, with amendments and are incorporated into new vesicles that are destined for other areas of the cell, forming a new plasmatic membrane or which discharge their contents outside.
36. The sodium-potassium pump
The sodium-potassium pump is a special case of active transport across the cell membrane that needs energy, and ATP, which acts against a concentration gradient, in which process the Na + out and K + enters the cell using just the energy derived from hydrolysis.
37. Difference between probability and frequency: an example.
The probability of an event is the ratio between the number of successes at the event and the number of possible cases, provided that they are all equally likely. The frequency is instead a repetition of a given event in a certain frequency of time.
Example:
Mendel's experiment has probability calculations and records of attendance. So we know that Mendel considered the probability as the ratio of 3:1 in the F2 and the frequency of repetition of this event as an exact number of times over a given period of time.
38. Run the following intersection: AaBb X aabb
F1:
1:1:1:1:2:2
39. The cell in prophase of meiosis I. In
cell in prophase of meiosis I, the pair of chromosomes form the tetrads and is experiencing the phenomenon of crossing-over, ensuring a mutation in the gene pool with the mutual exchange of DNA between two chromosomes.
40. The way in which the character of stature is inherited in humans? Explain.
The character of stature is spread across multiple genes and therefore the sum of these genes is high intermediate.
24. Run the following intersection: AABB X aabb 
25. Comets 
24. Run the following intersection: AABB X aabb 